Fe3O4/Co3O4–TiO2 S-scheme photocatalyst for degradation of organic pollutants and H2 production under natural sunlight

Sunlight responsible mono- and co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (Con+ Fen+) were prepared via sol–gel technique. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) results showed no phase change of was observed after the addition Con+ Fen+ ions. Diffuse reflectance spectra (DRS) a significant red-shift absorption edge doping by Con band gap energy reduced sharply from 3.10 to 1.72 eV. photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) emphasized existence multivalent states Co2+, Co3+, Fe2+ Fe3+. ultraviolet (UPS), work function, electron spin resonance (ESR) illustrated Fe3O4/Co3O4–TiO2 formed ternary heterojunctions. photocatalytic performance photocatalysts determined for photodegradation tetracycline (TC) phenol (Pl) production hydrogen. Fe Co ions (Co2+, Fe3+) together improved solar light absorption, inhibited recombination photogenerated charges consequently enhanced efficiency compared with mono-doped (Co3O4/TiO2 Fe3O4/TiO2). sample 5%Fe3O4/Co3O4–TiO2 highest photoactivity. mineralization (TOC), mechanism reusability also studied. high photoactivity stability can be adopted as promising materials different environmental H2 applications.